Patent CA2455425C - Water soluble extract from plant of solanum .
Solanum kháng JTC26
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| Solanum | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Brazilian Nightshade (Solanum seaforthianum) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Asterids |
| Order: | Solanales |
| Family: | Solanaceae |
| Subfamily: | Solanoideae |
| Tribe: | Solaneae |
| Genus: | Solanum L.[1] |
| Subgenera | |
Bassovia
Leptostemonum Lyciosolanum Solanum (but see text) | |
| Synonyms | |
Androcera Nutt.
Aquartia Jacq. Artorhiza Raf. Bassovia Aubl. Battata Hill Bosleria A.Nelson Ceranthera Raf. Cliocarpus Miers Cyphomandra Mart. ex Sendtn. Diamonon Raf. Dulcamara Moench Lycopersicon Mill. Melongena Mill. Normania Lowe Nycterium Vent. Ovaria Fabr. Parmentiera Raf. (non DC.: preoccupied) Petagnia Raf. Pheliandra Werderm. Pseudocapsicum Medik. Scubulus Raf. Solanastrum Fabr. Solanocharis Bitter Solanopsis Bitter Triguera Cav. | |
Solanum is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include two food crops of high economic importance, the potato and the tomato. It also contains the nightshades and horse nettles, as well as numerous plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers and fruit.
Solanum species show a wide range of growing habits, such as annual and perennials, vines, subshrubs, shrubs, and small trees. Many formerly independent genera like Lycopersicon (the tomatoes) and Cyphomandra are now included in Solanumas subgenera or sections. Thus, the genus today contains roughly 1,500–2,000 species.
Contents
[hide]Name[edit]
The generic name was first used by Pliny the Elder (23–79) for a plant also known as strychnos, most likely S. nigrum. Its derivation is uncertain, possibly stemming from the Latin word sol, meaning "sun," referring to its status as a plant of the sun. Another possibility is that the root was solare, meaning "to soothe," or solamen, meaning "a comfort," which would refer to the soothing effects of the plant upon ingestion.[2]
Nightshades[edit]
The species most commonly called nightshade in North America and Britain is Solanum dulcamara, also called bittersweet or woody nightshade. Its foliage and egg-shaped red berries are poisonous, the active principle being solanine, which can cause convulsions and death if taken in large doses. The black nightshade (S. nigrum) is also generally considered poisonous, but its fully ripened fruit and foliage are cooked and eaten in some areas. The deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) is not in the Solanum genus, but is a member of the wider Solanaceae family.
Food crops[edit]
Most parts of the plants, especially the green parts and unripe fruit, are poisonous to humans (although not necessarily to other animals), but many species in the genus bear some edible parts, such as fruits, leaves, or tubers. Three crops in particular have been bred and harvested for consumption by humans for centuries, and are now cultivated on a global scale:
- Tomato, S. lycopersicum
- It should be noted that tomato varieties are sometimes bred from both S. lycopersicum and wild tomato species such as S. pimpinellifolium, S. peruvianum, S. cheesmanii, S. galapagense, S. chilense, etc. (Such varieties include—among others—Bicentennial, Dwarf Italian, Epoch, Golden Sphere, Hawaii, Ida Red, Indigo Rose,[3] Kauai, Lanai, Marion, Maui, Molokai, Niihau, Oahu, Owyhee, Parma, Payette, Red Lode, Super Star, Surecrop, Tuckers Forcing, V 121, Vantage, Vetomold, and Waltham.)[4]
- Potato, S. tuberosum
- Eggplant (aubergine), S. melongena
Other species are significant food crops regionally, such as Ethiopian eggplant and gilo (S. aethiopicum), naranjilla or lulo (S. quitoense), turkey berry (S. torvum), pepino (S. muricatum), Tamarillo, or the "bush tomatoes" (several Australianspecies).
Ornamentals[edit]
The species most widely seen in cultivation as ornamental plants are:-
- S. aviculare (kangaroo apple)
- S. capsicastrum (false Jerusalem cherry, winter cherry)
- S. crispum (Chilean potato tree)
- S. laciniatum (kangaroo apple)
- S. laxum (potato vine)
- S. pseudocapsicum (Christmas cherry, winter cherry)
- S. rantonnetii (blue potato bush)
- S. seaforthianum (Italian jasmine, St. Vincent lilac)
- S. wendlandii (paradise flower, potato vine)[5]
Medicine[edit]
Poisonings associated with certain species of Solanum are not uncommon and may be fatal. However, several species are locally used in folk medicine, particularly by native peoples who have long employed them.
Ecology[edit]
Solanum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths) – see list of Lepidoptera that feed on Solanum.
Systematics[edit]
The genus was established by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[6] Its subdivision has always been problematic, but slowly some sort of consensus is being achieved.
The following list is a provisional lineup of the genus' traditional subdivisions, together with some notable species.[6] Many of the subgenera and sections might not be valid; they are used here provisionally as the phylogeny of this genus is not fully resolved yet and many species have not been reevaluated.
Cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data suggests that the present subdivisions and rankings are largely invalid. Far more subgenera would seem to warrant recognition, with Leptostemonum being the only one that can at present be clearly subdivided into sections. Notably, it includes as a major lineage several members of the traditional sections Cyphomandropsis and the old genus Cyphomandra.[1]
Subgenus Bassovia[edit]
Section Allophylla
Section Cyphomandropsis
Section Pachyphylla
- Solanum betaceum Cav. – Tamarillo
- Solanum exiguum
- Solanum roseum
Subgenus Leptostemonum[edit]
Section Acanthophora
- Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. – Indian nightshade
- Solanum atropurpureum Schrank – Five-minute plant
- Solanum capsicoides – Cockroach berry, polohauaiʻi (Polynesian)
- Solanum mammosum – Nipplefruit, titty fruit, cow's udder, "apple of Sodom"
- Solanum palinacanthum Dunal
- Solanum viarum Dunal – Tropical soda apple
Section Androceras: 12 spp.[1]
- Series Androceras
- Series Violaceiflorum
- Series Pacificum
Section Anisantherum
Section Campanulata
Section Crinitum
Section Croatianum
Section Erythrotrichum
Section Campanulata
Section Crinitum
Section Croatianum
Section Erythrotrichum
- Solanum robustum H.L.Wendl. – Shrubby nightshade
Section Graciliflorum[verification needed]
Section Herposolanum
Section Herposolanum
- Solanum wendlandii Hook.f. – Giant potatocreeper
Section Irenosolanum
- Solanum incompletum Dunal – Pōpolo kū mai (Hawaiʻi)
- Solanum nelsonii Dunal – Nelson's horsenettle, ʻĀkia (Hawaiʻi)
- Solanum sandwicense Hook. & Arn. – Hawaiian horsenettle, Pōpoloʻaiakeakua (Oʻahu, Kauaʻi)
Section Ischyracanthum
Section Lasiocarpa
Section Lasiocarpa
- Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal
- Solanum pseudolulo – lulo de perro (Colombia)
- Solanum quitoense – lulo (Colombia), naranjilla (Ecuador)
- Solanum sessiliflorum – Cocona
Section Melongena
- Solanum aculeastrum – Soda apple, sodaapple nightshade, goat apple, poison apple, "bitter-apple"
- Solanum campechiense – Redberry nightshade
- Solanum carolinense – Carolina horsenettle, radical weed, sand brier, devil's tomato, "bull nettle", "tread-softly", "apple of Sodom", "wild tomato" (southeastern United States)
- Solanum citrullifolium A.Braun – Watermelon nightshade (southern United States)
- Solanum dimidiatum Raf. – Torrey's nightshade
- Solanum elaeagnifolium – Silver-leaved nightshade, prairie berry, silverleaf nettle, white horsenettle, silver nightshade, "bull-nettle", "trompillo" (Spanish); Silver-leaf bitter-apple, satansbos (South Africa)
- Solanum heterodoxum Dunal – Melon-leaved nightshade
- Solanum incanum L.
- Solanum linnaeanum – Devil's apple, "apple of Sodom"
- Solanum macrocarpon L.
- Solanum marginatum L.f. – White-margined nightshade
- Solanum melongena – Eggplant, aubergine (including S. ovigerum)
- Solanum rostratum Dunal – Buffalo bur, Texas thistle
- Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. – Sticky nightshade, fire-and-ice
- Solanum virginianum L.
Section Micracantha
- Solanum jamaicense Mill. – Jamaican nightshade
- Solanum lanceifolium Jacq. – Lance-leaved nightshade
- Solanum tampicense Dunal – Wetland nightshade
Section Monodolichopus
Section Nycterium
Section Oliganthes
Section Nycterium
Section Oliganthes
- Solanum aethiopicum – Ethiopian eggplant, nakati, mock tomato, Ethiopian nightshade; including S. gilo (scarlet eggplant, Gilo or jiló)
- Solanum centrale – Australian desert raisin, bush raisin, bush sultana, "bush tomato", akatjurra (Alyawarre), kampurarpa (Pitjantjatjara), merne akatyerre (Arrernte), kutjera
- Solanum cleistogamum – "bush tomato", merne mwanyerne (Arrernte)
- Solanum ellipticum – Potato bush, "bush tomato"
- Solanum pyracanthos Lam. – Porcupine tomato, Devil's Thorn
- Solanum quadriloculatum F.Muell. – "bush tomato", "wild tomato" (Australia)
Section Persicariae
- Solanum bahamense L. – Bahama nightshade, canker berry, berengena de playa
- Solanum ensifolium Dunal – Erubia
Section Polytrichum
Section Pugiunculifera
Section Somalanum
Section Torva
Section Pugiunculifera
Section Somalanum
Section Torva
- Solanum asteropilodes
- Solanum chrysotrichum Schltdl. – Giant devil's-fig
- Solanum lanceolatum – Orangeberry nightshade
- Solanum paniculatum – Jurubeba
- Solanum torvum – Turkey berry, devil's fig, prickly nightshade, shoo-shoo bush, wild eggplant, pea eggplant
Subgenus Lyciosolanum[edit]
Subgenus Solanum sensu stricto[edit]
Section Afrosolanum
Section Anarrhichomenum
Section Anarrhichomenum
Section Archaesolanum
- Solanum aviculare – Poroporo (New Zealand), kangaroo apple (Australia)
Section Basarthrum
- Solanum catilliflorum[8]
- Solanum muricatum – Pepino dulce, pepino melon, melon pear, "pepino", "tree melon"
- Solanum perlongistylum[8]
- Solanum tergosericeum[9]
Section Benderianum
Section Brevantherum
Section Brevantherum
- Solanum bullatum
- Solanum erianthum D.Don – Potato tree, "mullein nightshade"
- Solanum mauritianum – Woolly nightshade, ear-leaved nightshade, flannel weed, bugweed, tobacco weed, kerosene plant, "wild tobacco" (Australia)
- Solanum evolvuloides
Section Dulcamara
- Solanum crispum – Chilean potato vine, Chilean nightshade, Chilean potato tree
- Solanum dulcamara – Bittersweet
- Solanum imbaburense
- Solanum laxum Spreng. – Jasmine nightshade
- Solanum leiophyllum
- Solanum seaforthianum Andrews – Brazilian nightshade
- Solanum triquetrum Cav. – Texas nightshade
- Solanum wallacei – Wallace's nightshade, Catalina nightshade, Clokey's nightshade, "wild tomato" (including S. clokeyi)
- Solanum xanti – Purple nightshade, San Diego nightshade
Section Herpystichum
Section Holophylla
Section Holophylla
- Solanum diphyllum L. – Twin-leaved nightshade
- Solanum pseudocapsicum – Jerusalem cherry, Madeira winter cherry, "winter cherry" (including S. capsicastrum)
- Solanum pseudoquina (including S. inaequale Vell.)
Section Juglandifolia
Section Lemurisolanum
Section Lycopersicoides
Section Lycopersicoides
Section Lycopersicon
- Solanum arcanum Peralta – "wild tomato"
- Solanum chilense
- Solanum corneliomulleri
- Solanum huaylasense Peralta
- Solanum peruvianum L. – Peruvian nightshade, "wild tomato"
- Solanum cheesmaniae (L.Riley) Fosberg
- Solanum chmielewskii
- Solanum galapagense S.C.Darwin & Peralta
- Solanum habrochaites
- Solanum lycopersicum – Tomato
- Solanum neorickii
- Solanum pennelli
- Solanum pimpinellifolium – Currant tomato
Section Macronesiotes
Section Normania
Section Petota
Section Normania
Section Petota
- Solanum albornozii
- Solanum bulbocastanum – Ornamental nightshade
- Solanum bukasovii Juz. ex Rybin
- Solanum burtonii
- Solanum cardiophyllum – Heart-leaved nightshade
- Solanum chilliasense
- Solanum commersonii Dunal – Commerson's nightshade
- Solanum demissum Lindl. – Dwarf wild potato
- Solanum jamesii – Wild potato
- Solanum minutifoliolum
- Solanum paucijugum
- Solanum phureja Juz. & Bukasov
- Solanum pinnatisectum Dunal – Tansy-leaved nightshade
- Solanum regularifolium
- Solanum stoloniferum Schltdl. – Tigna potato, Fendler's horsenettle
- Solanum stenotomum (including S. goniocalyx)
- Solanum ternatum (including S. ternifolium)
- Solanum tuberosum – Potato
Section Pteroidea
Section Quadrangulare
Section Regmandra
Section Solanum
Section Quadrangulare
Section Regmandra
Section Solanum
- Solanum adscendens Sendtner – Sonoita nightshade (Americas)
- Solanum americanum Mill. – American nightshade, American black nightshade, glossy nightshade (Americas, Hawaiʻi)
- Solanum chenopodioides Lam. – Goosefoot nightshade, slender nightshade (including S. gracilius)
- Solanum douglasii Dunal – Green-spotted nightshade
- Solanum interius Rydb.
- Solanum nigrescens M.Martens & Galeotti – Divine nightshade
- Solanum nigrum L. – European black nightshade, "black nightshade"
- Solanum pseudogracile Heiser – Glowing nightshade
- Solanum ptychanthum – West Indian nightshade, Eastern black nightshade
- Solanum retroflexum – Wonderberry, sunberry
- Solanum sarrachoides – Hairy nightshade
- Solanum scabrum Mill. – Garden huckleberry
- Solanum triflorum Nutt. – Cut-leaved nightshade
- Solanum villosum Mill. – Yellow nightshade
Other notable species[edit]
- Solanum amygdalifolium Steud.
- Solanum bellum
- Solanum cajanumense
- Solanum chimborazense
- Solanum chrysasteroides
- Solanum cinnamomeum
- Solanum conocarpum Rich. ex Dunal – Marron bacoba
- Solanum cowiei Martine
- Solanum cremastanthemum
- Solanum davisense Whalen – Davis' horsenettle
- Solanum densepilosulum
- Solanum donianum Walp. – Mullein nightshade
- Solanum dolichorhachis
- Solanum fallax
- Solanum ferox L. – Hairy-fruited eggplant, Thai hairy-fruited eggplant
- Solanum fortunense
- Solanum furcatum – Forked nightshade
- Solanum glabratum Dunal
- Solanum haleakalaense H.St.John
- Solanum hindsianum Benth. – Hinds' nightshade
- Solanum hypermegethes
- Solanum hypocalycosarcum
- Solanum interandinum
- Solanum latiflorum
- Solanum leucodendron
- Solanum lumholtzianum Bartlett – Sonoran nightshade
- Solanum luteoalbum (including S. semicoalitum)
- Solanum lycocarpum – Wolf apple, fruta-de-lobo, lobeira (Brazil)
- Solanum melissarum Bohs
- Solanum nudum Dunal – Forest nightshade
- Solanum ovum-fringillae
- Solanum paralum
- Solanum parishii A.Heller – Parish's nightshade
- Solanum physalifolium Rusby
- Solanum pinetorum
- Solanum polygamum Vahl – Cakalaka berry
- Solanum pyrifolium Lam.
- Solanum pubescens Willd.
- Solanum riedlei Dunal – Riedle's nightshade
- Solanum rudepannum Dunal
- Solanum rugosum Dunal – tabacon aspero
- Solanum sibundoyense
- Solanum sodiroi (including S. carchiense)
- Solanum sycocarpum
- Solanum tenuipes Bartlett – Fancy nightshade
- Solanum tobagense
- Solanum trilobatum L.
- Solanum umbelliferum – Bluewitch nightshade
- Solanum verrogeneum Berengena
- Solanum violaceum Ortega
- Solanum viride Spreng. – Green Nightshade
- Solanum woodburyi Howard – Woodbury's nightshade
Formerly placed here[edit]
Some plants of yet other genera also were placed in Solanum in former times:
- Chamaesaracha coronopus (as S. coronopus)
- Lycianthes biflora (as S. multifidum Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don)
- Lycianthes denticulata (as S. gouakai var. angustifolium and var. latifolium)
- Lycianthes lycioides (as S. lycioides var. angustifolium)
- Lycianthes mociniana (as S. uniflorum Dunal in Poir. and S. uniflorum Sessé & Moc.)
- Lycianthes rantonnetii (as S. rantonnetii, S. urbanum var. ovatifolium and var. typicum)
- Undetermined species of Lycianthes have been referred to under names such as S. chrysophyllum, S. ciliatum Blume ex Miq., S. corniculatum Hiern, S. lanuginosum, S. loxense, S. mucronatum, S. retrofractum var. acuminatum, S. violaceumBlume, S. violifolium f. typicum, S. virgatum notst β albiflorum, S. uniflorum Lag. or S. uniflorum var. berterianum.
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