The effects of Tulbaghia violacea leaf, bulb and stalk extracts on Jurkat ...

Tulbaghia violacea kháng Jurkat

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

society garlic
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily:	Allioideae
Genus:	Tulbaghia
Species:	T. violacea
Binomial name
Tulbaghia violacea Harv.

Tulbaghia violacea

Tulbaghia violacea, also known as society garlic or pink agapanthus, is a species of flowering plant in the onion familyAlliaceae, indigenous to southern Africa (KwaZulu-Natal and Cape Province), and reportedly naturalized in Tanzania and Mexico.^[1]

Growing to 60 cm (24 in) tall by 25 cm (10 in) wide, it is a clump-forming perennial with narrow leaves and large clusters of fragrant, violet flowers from midsummer to autumn (fall).^[2][3]

When grown as an ornamental, this plant requires some protection from winter frosts. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.^[4]

Medicinal uses[edit]

T. violacea is used locally as a herbal remedy/medicine to treat several ailments. Recently it was demonstrated to have androgenic^[5] and anti-cancer^[6] properties in vitro.

T. violacea exhibited antithrombotic activities which were higher than those found in garlic.^[7]

Malondialdehyde Production in Jurkat T Cells

Malondialdehyde kháng Jurkat

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Malondialdehyde

Names
IUPAC name propanedial
Other names Malonic aldehyde; Malonodialdehyde; Propanedial; 1,3-Propanedial ; Malonaldehyde
Identifiers
CAS Number	542-78-9
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
Abbreviations	MDA
ChemSpider	10499
KEGG	C19440
PubChem CID	10964
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula	C3H4O2
Molar mass	72.06 g·mol−1
Appearance	Needle-like solid[1]
Density	0.991 g/mL
Melting point	72 °C (162 °F; 345 K)
Boiling point	108 °C (226 °F; 381 K)
Hazards
US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
PEL (Permissible)	none[1]
REL(Recommended)	Ca[1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)	Ca [N.D.][1]
Related compounds
Related alkenals	Glucic acid 4-Hydroxynonenal
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the organic compound with the formula CH₂(CHO)₂. The structure of this species is more complex than this formula suggests. This reactive species occurs naturally and is a marker for oxidative stress.

Contents

  [hide] 

• 1Structure and synthesis
• 2Biochemistry
  • 2.1Analysis
• 3Hazards and pathology
• 4See also
• 5References

Structure and synthesis[edit]

Malondialdehyde mainly exists in the enol form:^[2]

CH₂(CHO)₂ → HOCH=CH-CHO

In organic solvents, the cis-isomer is favored, whereas in water the trans-isomer predominates.

Malondialdehyde is a highly reactive compound that is not typically observed in pure form. In the laboratory it can be generated in situ by hydrolysis of 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane, which is commercially available.^[2] It is easily deprotonated to give the sodium salt of the enolate (m.p. 245 °C).

Malondialdehyde results from lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.^[3] It is a prominent product in Thromboxane A2 synthesis wherein cyclooxygenase 1 or cycloxygenase 2 metabolizes arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 by platelets and a wide array of other cell types and tissues. This product is further metabolized by Thromboxane synthase to Thromboxane A2, 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, and malonyldialdehyde.^[4][5] Alternatively, it may rearrange non-enzymatically to a mixture of 8-cis and 8-trans isomers of 12-hydroxyeicosaheptaenoic acid plus malonyldialdehyde (see 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid).^[6] The degree of lipid peroxidation can be estimated by the amount of malondialdehyde in tissues.^[3]

Biochemistry[edit]

Reactive oxygen species degrade polyunsaturated lipids, forming malondialdehyde.^[7] This compound is a reactive aldehyde and is one of the many reactive electrophile species that cause toxic stress in cells and form covalent protein adducts referred to as advanced lipoxidation end-products (ALE), in analogy to advanced glycation end-products (AGE).^[8] The production of this aldehyde is used as a biomarker to measure the level of oxidative stressin an organism.^[9][10]

Malondialdehyde reacts with deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine in DNA, forming DNA adducts, the primary one being M₁G, which is mutagenic.^[11] The guanidine group of arginine residues condense with malondialdehyde to give 2-aminopyrimidines.

Human ALDH1A1 aldehyde dehydrogenase is capable of oxidizing malondialdehyde.

Analysis[edit]

Malondialdehyde and other thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) condense with two equivalents of thiobarbituric acid to give a fluorescent red derivative that can be assayed spectrophotometrically.^[2][12] 1-Methyl-2-phenylindole is an alternative more selective reagent.^[2]

Hazards and pathology[edit]

Malondialdehyde is reactive and potentially mutagenic.^[13] It has been found in heated edible oils such as sunflower and palm oils.^[14]

Corneas of patients suffering from keratoconus and bullous keratopathy have increased levels of malondialdehyde, according to one study.^[15] MDA also can be found in tissue sections of joints from patients with osteoarthritis.^[16]

See also[edit]

• Methylglyoxal
• 4-Hydroxynonenal

Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Triggers Apoptosis in Jurkat Cells

Phenethyl isothiocyanate kháng Jurkat

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from Phenethyl Isothiocyanate)

Phenethyl isothiocyanate

Names
IUPAC name (2-Isothiocyanatoethyl)benzene
Other names Phenylethyl isothiocyanate; Phenethyl mustard oil
Identifiers
CAS Number	2257-09-2
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
Abbreviations	PEITC
ChEBI	CHEBI:351346
ChemSpider	15870
ECHA InfoCard	100.017.142
PubChem CID	16741
UNII	6U7TFK75KV
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula	C9H9NS
Molar mass	163.24 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
verify (what is  ?)
Infobox references

Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a naturally occurring isothiocyanate whose precursor, gluconasturtiin is found in some cruciferous vegetables,^[1] especially watercress.

PEITC has been studied for its potential for chemoprevention of cancers,^[2][3] such as prostate cancer.^[4]

In terms of biosynthesis, PEITC is produced from gluconasturtiin by the action of the enzyme myrosinase.