Mộc qua Trung Quốc -Pseudocydonia sinensis (Betulinic acid) dược liệu kháng HL-60

Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia

(đổi hướng từ Chaenomeles sinensis)

Đối với các định nghĩa khác, xem Hải đường (định hướng).

Mộc qua Trung Quốc
Mộc qua Trung Quốc (Pseudocydonia sinensis)
Phân loại khoa học
Giới (regnum)	Plantae
(không phân hạng)	Angiospermae
(không phân hạng)	Eudicots
Bộ (ordo)	Rosales
Họ (familia)	Rosaceae
Phân họ (subfamilia)	Maloideae hay Spiraeoideae[1]
Liên tông (supertribus)	Pyrodae[1]
Tông (tribus)	Pyreae[1]
Phân tông (subtribus)	Pyrinae[1]
Chi (genus)	PseudocydoniaC.K.Schneid.
Loài (species)	P. sinensis
Danh pháp hai phần
Pseudocydonia sinensis (Dum.Cours.) C.K.Schneid.
Danh pháp đồng nghĩa
Chaenomeles sinensis, (Thouin) Koehne, 1890[2]

Mộc qua Trung Quốc hay mộc qua hải đường, minh tra (danh pháp hai phần: Pseudocydonia sinensis), loài duy nhất của chi Pseudocydonia, là một loại cây thân gỗ với lá sớm rụng hay bán thường xanh trong họ Hoa hồng (Rosaceae), bản địa của miền đông châu Á tại Trung Quốc. Nó có quan hệ họ hàng gần với chi Mộc qua Kavkaz (Cydonia và chi Mộc qua Đông Á (Chaenomeles), nhưng khác ở chỗ chúng có các lá với khía răng cưa trong khi mộc qua Kavkaz không có, và khác với chi thứ hai ở chỗ nó không có gai và hoa mọc đơn lẻ chứ không mọc thành cụm.

Loài cây này có thể cao tới 10–18 m, với tán lá rậm rạp và nhiều cành con. Các lá đơn mọc so le, dài 6–12 cm và rộng 3–6 cm, với mép lá có khía răng cưa. Các hoa đường kính 2,5–4 cm, với 5 cánh hoa màu hồng nhạt; ra hoa vào giữa mùa xuân. Quả là dạng quả táo hình trứng lớn, dài 12–17 cm với 5 lá noãn; chín vào cuối mùa thu.

Mục lục

  [ẩn] 

• 1Sử dụng
• 2Hình ảnh
• 3Chú thích
• 4Tham khảo

Sử dụng[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

Quả cứng và se, mặc dù chúng sẽ mềm và bớt se (hơi "ủng") sau khi bị sương giá. Nó có thể dùng giống như mộc qua Kavkaz để làm mứt. Nó cũng được trồng làm cây cảnh ở khu vực miền nam châu Âu.

Hình ảnh[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]

• 
 
• 
 
• 
 
• 
 
• 
• h

Pseudocydonia (Betulinic acid) dược liệu kháng HL-60

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from Pseudocydonia sinensis)

Not to be confused with Carica papaya, papaya, which, like Pseudocydonia sinensis, is sometimes called mugua.

Not to be confused with Chaenomeles speciosa, Chinese flowering quince, which, like P. sinensis, is sometimes called mugua.

Pseudocydonia
Pseudocydonia sinensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Subfamily:	Amygdaloideae[1]
Tribe:	Maleae
Subtribe:	Malinae
Genus:	Pseudocydonia C.K.Schneid.
Species:	P. sinensis
Binomial name
Pseudocydonia sinensis C.K.Schneid.
Synonyms[2]
Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne Cydonia sinensis Thouin Pyrus cathayensis Hemsl. Pyrus sinensis (Thouin) Spreng.

Chinese quince fruits

Pseudocydonia sinensis, the Chinese quince, is a deciduous or semi-evergreen tree in the family Rosaceae, native to eastern Asia in China, and the sole species in the genus Pseudocydonia. It is closely related to the east Asian genus Chaenomeles, and is sometimes placed in Chaenomeles as C. sinensis,^[3] but notable differences are the lack of thorns, and that the flowers are produced singly, not in clusters. The Chinese quince is also closely related to the European Quince genus Cydonia;^[4] notable differences include the serrated leaves, and lack of fuzz.

In China, the species is called mùguā-hǎitáng (木瓜海棠), while in Korea, it is called mogwa-namu (모과나무). The name of its fruit, mùguā (木瓜) in Chinese and mogwa (모과) in Korean, are cognates, the latter having derived from mokgwa (목과; 木瓜), the Korean reading of the same Chinese characters. In Chinese, mùguā (木瓜) also means "papaya". In Japan, it is known as "karin - 花梨" (literally, "flowering pear"^{[note 1]}).

It grows to 10–18 m tall, with a dense, twiggy crown. The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, 6–12 cm long and 3–6 cm broad, and have a serrated margin. The flowers are 2.5–4 cm diameter, with five pale pink petals; flowering is in mid spring. The fruit is a large ovoid pome 12–17 cm long with five carpels; it gives off an intense, sweet smell and it ripens in late autumn.

Uses[edit]

The fruit is hard and astringent, though it does soften and becomes less astringent after a period of frost. It can be used in the same way as quince is used for making jam. It is also grown as an ornamental tree in southern Europe.

In Korea, the fruit is used to make mogwa-cheong (preserved quince) and mogwa-cha (quince tea).

The wood of this plant is frequently used in Japan for making low-end shamisen.

The fruit is used extensively in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat rheumatoid arthritis (termed as "damp bi syndrome").^[5]Recent pharmacological studies suggest extracts of phytochemicals in the fruit have antioxidant and antiviral properties.^[6]

Syzygium (Betulinic acid) dược liệu kháng HL-60

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Syzygium
Syzygium malaccense
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Myrtales
Family:	Myrtaceae
Subfamily:	Myrtoideae
Tribe:	Syzygieae
Genus:	Syzygium R.Br. ex Gaertn.[1]
Species
About 1100; see text
Synonyms[2]
List[show]

Syzygium paniculatum (magenta lilly pilly)

Syzygium samarangense, with a cross section of the fruit

A cultivated white Syzygium

Syzygium is a genus of flowering plants that belongs to the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. The genus comprises about 1200–1800 species,^[3][4] and has a native range that extends from Africa and Madagascar through southern Asia east through the Pacific.^[5]Its highest levels of diversity occur from Malaysia to northeastern Australia, where many species are very poorly known and many more have not been described taxonomically.

Most species are evergreen trees and shrubs. Several species are grown as ornamental plants for their attractive glossy foliage, and a few produce edible fruit that are eaten fresh or used in jams and jellies. The most economically important species, however, is the clove Syzygium aromaticum, of which the unopened flower buds are an important spice. Some of the edible species of Syzygium are planted throughout the tropics worldwide, and several have become invasive species in some island ecosystems. Several species of Syzygium bear fruit that are edible for humans, many of which are named "roseapple". Fifty-two species are found in Australia and are generally known as lillipillies, brush cherries or satinash.^[6]

At times Syzygium was confused taxonomically with the genus Eugenia (ca. 1000 species), but the latter genus has its highest specific diversity in the neotropics. Many species formerly classed as Eugenia are now included in the genus Syzygium, although the former name may persist in horticulture.^[6] The Syzygium Working Group, an international group of researchers, formed in April 2016 with the aim to produce a monograph of Syzygium.^[4]

Dilleniaceae (Betulinic acid) dược liệu kháng HL-60

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Dilleniaceae Temporal range: Early Paleogene – Recent (but see text) 52–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Hibbertia stellaris
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Dilleniales
Family:	Dilleniaceae Salisb.[1]
Genera
APG II system recognizes the following genera: Acrotrema Curatella Davilla Didesmandra Dillenia Doliocarpus Hibbertia Pachynema Pinzona Schumacheria Tetracera

Dilleniaceae is a family of flowering plants with 11 genera and about 430 known species.^[2] Such a family has been universally recognized by taxonomists. It is known to gardeners for the genus Hibbertia, which contains many commercially valuable garden species.

Contents

  [hide] 

• 1Description and Distribution
• 2Taxonomy and Phylogeny
• 3Evolution
• 4References
• 5External links

Description and Distribution[edit]

The family is found in the tropics and subtropics plus all of Australia. Most of the members in it are woody plants - lianas or trees such as Dillenia - but herbaceous species such as Pachynema are also present in Dilleniaceae. The leaves of the plants in the family are wide and well-developed, but in Pachynema and certain species of Hibbertia they are strongly modified. The flowers are mainly showy and colorful with visible reproductive components. Buzz pollination is common in the group.^[3] Fruits of some species, such as Dillenia indica (elephant apple), are edible.

Taxonomy and Phylogeny[edit]

Dillenia suffruticosa

The position of the family in the phylogenetic tree and its classification among the other eudicots is uncertain.^[4] Some studies suggested that Dilleniaceae may be sister to Rhabdodendraceae which is a clade that was thought to be sister to all the rest Caryophyllales. The caryophyllid Rhabdodendron and the members in the family with the questionable placement in fact share some morphological characteristics but it was found that Rhabdodendraceae is actually sister only to the core members of its order.

Another possible situation places Dilleniaceae as an ancient group, sister to the superrosidae clade (the family shares some common morphology with Vitales) but this is not absolutely proven.

The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), also recognizes this family, unplaced as to order, assigned to the clade core eudicots.

APG II debates either including it in order Caryophyllales or reinstating the order Dilleniales for just this one family, but decides to leave it unplaced.

Evolution[edit]

The family is remarkable because of its variability of morphological characteristics that now are much steadier in other Angiosperm groups. Thus, Dilleniaceae may be an ancient clade that expresses some phylogenetic relation between the higher Eudicots and the rather more primitive groups.^[5] It is estimated that the clade diverged around 115 millions of years ago in Mid Cretaceous but the crown group was formed much later - only 52 millions of years before the present.^[6]