Syzygium cumini (Quercetin) dược liệu kháng HepG2

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Jamun" redirects here. For the dessert popular in Indian cuisine, see Gulab Jamun.

Syzygium cumini
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Myrtales
Family:	Myrtaceae
Genus:	Syzygium
Species:	S. cumini
Binomial name
Syzygium cumini
Synonyms[1]
List[show]

Syzygium cuminiSyzygium cumini

The tree was introduced to Florida in 1911 by the USDA, and is also now commonly grown in Suriname, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago. In Brazil, where it was introduced from India during Portuguese colonization, it has dispersed spontaneously in the wild in some places, as its fruits are eagerly sought by various native birds such as thrushes, tanagers and the great kiskadee. This species is considered an invasive in Hawaii.^[3]

Contents

  [hide] 

• 1Common names
• 2Description
• 3Health effects
• 4Nutrients and phytochemicals
• 5Cultural and religious significance
  • 5.1Maharashtra
  • 5.2Andhra Pradesh
  • 5.3Tamil Nadu
  • 5.4Kerala
  • 5.5Karnataka
• 6Gallery
• 7See also
• 8References
• 9External links

Common names[edit]

In English, Syzygium cumini

Description[edit]

A slow growing species, it can reach heights of up to 30 m and can live more than 100 years. Its dense foliage provides shade and is grown just for its ornamental value. At the base of the tree, the bark is rough and dark grey, becoming lighter grey and smoother higher up. The wood is water resistant. Because of this it is used in railway sleepers and to install motors in wells. It is sometimes used to make cheap furniture and village dwellings though it is relatively hard to work on.

The leaves which have an aroma similar to turpentine, are pinkish when young, changing to a leathery, glossy dark green with a yellow midrib as they mature. The leaves are used as food for livestock, as they have good nutritional value.^[5]

Flower bud and open flowers

Syzygium cumini fruit color changing from green to pink to blood red to black as it matures

Syzygium cumini

Health effects[edit]

The seed of the fruit is used in various alternative healing systems like Ayurveda (to control diabetes, for example.^[7][8]), Unaniand Chinese medicine for digestive ailments.

Wine and vinegar are also made from the fruit. It has a high source in vitamin A and vitamin C.^[9][10][11]

Nutrients and phytochemicals[edit]

Java-plum, (jambolan), raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	251 kJ (60 kcal)
Carbohydrates	14 g
Dietary fiber	0.6 g
Fat	0.23 g
Protein	0.995 g
Vitamins
Thiamine (B1)	(2%) 0.019 mg
Riboflavin (B2)	(1%) 0.009 mg
Niacin (B3)	(2%) 0.245 mg
Vitamin B6	(3%) 0.038 mg
Vitamin C	(14%) 11.85 mg
Minerals
Calcium	(1%) 11.65 mg
Iron	(11%) 1.41 mg
Magnesium	(10%) 35 mg
Phosphorus	(2%) 15.6 mg
Potassium	(1%) 55 mg
Sodium	(2%) 26.2 mg
Other constituents
Water	84.75 g
Link to Newcrop entry Link to USDA Database entry Newcrop values given as averages Calories/B6 from USDA
Units μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database

Nutritional information for S. cumini leaves and fruit are detailed here.

Java Plum Leaf
Compound	Percent
Crude Protein	9.1
Fat	4.3
Crude Fiber	17.0
Ash	7
Calcium	1.3
Phosphorus	0.19
Source: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jambolan.html

Fruit

Cultural and religious significance[edit]

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Lord Krishna is also known to have four symbols of the jambu fruit on his right foot as mentioned in the Srimad Bhagavatam commentary (verse 10.30.25), "Sri Rupa Cintamani" and "Ananda Candrika" by Srila Visvanatha ChakravartiThakura.^[12]

Maharashtra[edit]

In Maharashtra, S. cumini leaves are used in marriage pandal decorations. There is famous Marathi song "Jambhul pikalya zada khali...". The seeds are used in herbal teas for diabetes.

Andhra Pradesh[edit]

Besides the fruits, wood from Neredu tree is used in Andhra Pradesh to make bullock cart wheels and other agricultural equipment.The timber of Neredu is used to construct doors and windows. Hindus use a sizable branch of the tree to inaugurate beginning of marriage preparations and plant it in a place a pandal will be erected. Culturally, beautiful eyes are compared to this fruit. In the great epic of India Mahabharatha Sri Krishnas'[Lord Vishnu] body color is compared to this fruit as well.These are also good for sugar patients.

Tamil Nadu[edit]

There is a very famous legend that is associated with Auvaiyar (also Auvayar), a prominent female poet/ethicist/political activist of Sangam period (Tamil literature), and Naval Pazham(Jambu) in Tamil Nadu. Auvaiyar, believing to have achieved everything that is to be achieved, said to have been pondering over her retirement from Tamil literary work while resting under Naval Pazham tree. But she was met with and was wittily jousted by a disguised Lord Murugan (regarded as one of the guardian deities of Tamil language), who later revealed himself and made her realize that there is still a lot more to be done and learnt. Following this awakening, Auvaiyar is believed to have undertaken a fresh set of literary works, targeted at children.

Kerala[edit]

The fruit is particularly plentiful in Kollam.

Karnataka[edit]

The fruit is widely used to treat diabetes. Bears like this fruit. This tree is commonly found in the rural regions of Karnataka.

Gallery[edit]

• 

  S. cumini fruits in various stages of ripeness
 
• 

  A line of S. cumini trees
 
• 

  Close view of foliage
 
• 

  Ripe fruits for sale in a HAL market in Bangalore
 
• 

  Young plant

Prunus nigra (Quercetin) dược liệu kháng HepG2

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Prunus nigra
Fruits and leaves
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Genus:	Prunus
Subgenus:	Prunus
Section:	Prunocerasus
Species:	P. nigra
Binomial name
Prunus nigra Aiton 1789 not Desf. 1829 nor Rchb. 1832 nor Ehrh. 1790[1]
Natural range of Prunus nigra
Synonyms[2]
Prunus americana var. nigra(Aiton) Waugh

Prunus nigra, the Canada plum,^[3][4] Canadian plum^[5] or black plum,^[3] is a species of Prunus, native to eastern North America from Nova Scotia west to Minnesota and southeastern Manitoba, and south as far as Connecticut, Illinois, and Iowa.^[3][6] It formerly also grew in Ohio but is now thought to be extinct in that state.^[7] Isolated populations are present along streambanks in Saskatchewan and Alberta,^[8] along Lake Timiskaming in northern Ontario,^[9] and along the Maine-New Brunswick border, though this latter population is now severely threatened as the tree is a host for an aphid that menaces the local potato crop^[10] and so many of the trees have been cut down.

Description[edit]

Prunus nigra is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 10 metres (33 ft) tall with a trunk up to 25 cm diameter, with a low-branched, dense crown of stiff, rigid, branches. The bark is gray-brown, older layers coming off in thick plates. The branchlets are bright green at first, later become dark brown tinged with red, and spiny. The winter buds are chestnut brown, long-pointed at the tip, up to 8 millimetres (0.31 in) long.^[4]

The leaves are alternate, simple, oblong-ovate or obovate, 5–12 centimetres (2.0–4.7 in) long and 3–7 centimetres (1.2–2.8 in) broad, wedge-shaped or slightly heart-shaped or rounded at base, doubly crenaulate-serrate, abruptly contracted to a narrow point at the apex, feather-veined, midrib conspicuous; they emerge from the bud convolute, downy, slightly tinged with red, are smooth, becoming bright green above and paler beneath when full grown. The leaf petioles are stout, bearing two large dark glands and early deciduous, lanceolate or three to five-lobed stipules.^[4]

The flowers are 15–25 millimetres (0.59–0.98 in) diameter, with five rounded petals, white fading to pale pink, with a more or less irregularly notched margin; they are slightly fragrant, borne in three to four-flowered umbels, with short, thick peduncles, and appear before the leaves in mid to late spring. The flower stalks are slender and dark red. The calyx is conic, dark red, five-lobed, the lobes acute, finally reflexed, glandular, smooth on the inner surface, imbricate in bud, ovate, with short claws, imbricate in bud. There are 15–20 stamens, inserted on the calyx tube; filaments thread-like; anthers purplish, introrse, two-celled; cells opening longitudinally; the pistil has a superior ovary in the bottom of calyx tube, one-celled, with two ovules.^[4]

The fruit is an oblong-oval drupe, 25–30 millimetres (0.98–1.18 in) long with a tough, thick, orange red skin, free from bloom, yellow flesh adherent to the stone; the stone oval, compressed. It matures in late summer or early autumn. The cotyledons are thick and fleshy. The species grows best in alluvial soils.^{[7][11][12][4]}

It can easily be confused with the related Prunus americana, differing most obviously in the leaf margins having blunt, gland-tipped teeth, rather than the sharp, glandless teeth of P. americana leaves.^[7]

A fungus in the genus Taphrina often attacks the plums; the young ovaries swell, often much larger than full grown plums, become hollow and often persist on the tree in winter. Known as "plum pockets", they appear pale green, leathery to the touch, and hollow with the exception of a few fibrous bands. The disease reduces regeneration of the plums.^[11][12]

Uses[edit]

The fruit is somewhat sour, clingstone, and very juicy. It can be eaten raw when fully ripe, or cooked and made into pies, preserves and jellies.^[12] Dried, these plums were a popular winter staple of indigenous peoples. French explorer Jacques Cartier remarked in his journal that he was presented with dried Canada plums by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians in his first expedition to Canada.^[13] Early settlers in the western U.S. and Canada also made use of these wild plums for dried fruit, as popularized by the autobiographical novel On the Banks of Plum Creek, the fourth book in Laura Ingalls Wilder's Little House on the Prairie series.

One of the few tree fruits indigenous to the upper Midwest, northern Ontario and the prairie provinces of Canada and capable of surviving the harsh winters there, efforts were made to breed improved cultivars of these plums in the 19th century.^[14] Notable varieties still grown today include "Assiniboine" and "Cheney". Prunus nigra has the same number of chromosomes as Prunus salicina, the cultivated Japanese plum, and so the two cross-pollinate readily.^[15] Breeding work in the 20th century resulted in improved P. nigra x salicina hybrid varieties that retain the high quality of Japanese plums and the hardiness of wild Canada plums, such as "Pembina", "Superior" and "Patterson Pride".^[14]

The wood is bright red brown; heavy, hard, strong and close-grained, with a density of 0.6918.^[12] When wounded the wood turns an attractive red colour, and sawlogs of intentionally wounded trees are sought after by woodturners.

Prunus domestica (Quercetin) dược liệu kháng HepG2

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Prunus domestica
Prunus domestica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Genus:	Prunus
Subgenus:	Prunus
Section:	Prunus
Species:	P. domestica
Binomial name
Prunus domestica
Synonyms[1]
List[show]

Prunus domestica

Its hybrid parentage was believed to be Prunus spinosa and Prunus cerasifera.^[2][3] ; however recent cytogenetic evidence seem to implicate 2x, 4x, 6x P. cerasifera as the sole wild stock from which the cultivated 6x prunus domestica could have evolved.

Contents

  [hide] 

• 1Characteristics
• 2Cultivars
• 3Subspecies
• 4References
• 5External links

Characteristics[edit]

A Prunus domestica

Typically it forms a large shrub or a small tree. It may be somewhat thorny, with white blossom, borne in early spring. The oval or spherical fruit varies in size, but can be up to 8 cm across, and is usually sweet (dessert plum), though some varieties are sour and require cooking with sugar to make them palatable. Like all Prunus fruits, it contains a single large seed, usually called a stone, which is discarded when eating.^[5]

Plums are grown commercially in orchards, but modern rootstocks, together with self-fertile strains, training and pruning methods, allow single plums to be grown in relatively small spaces. Their early flowering and fruiting means that they require a sheltered spot away from frosts and cold winds.^[5]

For a full discussion of the fruit, see under the main article Plum.

Cultivars[edit]

Various cultivars of plums with number labels - Imperial Gage (1), Damson (2), Lombard (3), Maynard (4) and Yellow Egg (5)

Numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use. The following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-

'Blue Rock'[6] 'Blue Tit'[7] 'Czar'[8] 'Imperial Gage'[9]

'Jefferson'[10] 'Laxton's Delight'[11] 'Mallard'[12] 'Marjory's Seedling'[13]

'Opal'[14] 'Oullins Gage'[15] 'Pershore'[16] 'Victoria'[17]

Subspecies[edit]

Greengages

Mirabelle plum

The European Garden Flora recognises three subspecies, though scientific studies favor a more fine-grained separation:

P. domestica ssp. domestica – common plums, zwetschge (including ssp. oeconomica) P. domestica ssp. insititia – damsons and bullaces, krieche, kroosjes, perdrigon and other European varieties P. domestica ssp. intermedia – egg plums (including Victoria plum) P. domestica ssp. italica – gages (greengages, round plums etc.; including sspp. claudiana and rotunda) P. domestica ssp. pomariorum – spilling P. domestica ssp. prisca – zibarte P. domestica ssp. syriaca – mirabelle plums

The subspecies cross easily, so that numerous intermediate forms can be found: their sweetness and tartness may vary, their colors varying from bluish-purple to red, orange, yellow or light green.