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Arsenic trioxide kháng Bel-7402
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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 | |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| Systematic IUPAC name
Diarsenic trioxide
| |
| Other names
Arsenic(III) oxide,
Arsenic sesquioxide, Arseneous oxide, Ratsbane, Arseneous anhydride, White arsenic, Aqua Tofani[1] | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
| |
| ChemSpider | |
| DrugBank | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.014.075 |
| EC Number | 215-481-4 |
| KEGG | |
PubChem CID
| |
| RTECS number | CG3325000 |
| UNII | |
| Properties | |
| As 2O 3 | |
| Molar mass | 197.841 g/mol |
| Appearance | White solid |
| Density | 3.74 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 312.2 °C (594.0 °F; 585.3 K) |
| Boiling point | 465 °C (869 °F; 738 K) |
| 20 g/L (25 °C) see text | |
| Solubility | soluble in dilute acids and alkalies, practically insoluble in organic solvents [2] |
| Acidity (pKa) | 9.2 |
| Structure | |
| cubic (α)<180 °C monoclinic (β) >180 °C | |
| See text | |
| Zero | |
| Thermochemistry | |
Std molar
entropy (S | ? J.K−1.mol−1 |
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH | −657.4 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| L01XX27 (WHO) | |
| Pharmacokinetics: | |
| 75% bound | |
| Hazards | |
| Safety data sheet | See: data page T+  N |
| R-phrases(outdated) | R45, R28, R34, R50/53 |
| S-phrases(outdated) | S53, S45, S60, S61 |
| NFPA 704 | |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose)
| 14.6 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| US health exposure limits (NIOSH): | |
PEL(Permissible)
| [1910.1018] TWA 0.010 mg/m3[3] |
REL(Recommended)
| Ca C 0.002 mg/m3 [15-minute][3] |
IDLH (Immediate danger)
| Ca [5 mg/m3 (as As)][3] |
| Related compounds | |
Other anions
| Arsenic trisulfide |
Other cations
| Phosphorus trioxide Antimony trioxide |
Related compounds
| Arsenic pentoxide Arsenous acid |
| Supplementary data page | |
| Refractive index (n), Dielectric constant (εr), etc. | |
Thermodynamic
data | Phase behaviour solid–liquid–gas |
| UV, IR, NMR, MS | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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 verify (what is   ?) | |
| Infobox references | |
Arsenic trioxide is an inorganic compound with the formula As
2O
3. This commercially important oxide of arsenic is the main precursor to other arsenic compounds, including organoarsenic compounds. Approximately 50,000 tonnes are produced annually.[4] Many applications are controversial given the high toxicity of arsenic compounds.
2O
3. This commercially important oxide of arsenic is the main precursor to other arsenic compounds, including organoarsenic compounds. Approximately 50,000 tonnes are produced annually.[4] Many applications are controversial given the high toxicity of arsenic compounds.
Contents
[hide]Production and occurrence[edit]
Arsenic trioxide can be generated via routine processing of arsenic compounds including the oxidation (combustion) of arsenic and arsenic-containing minerals in air. Illustrative is the roasting of orpiment, a typical arsenic sulfide ore.
- 2 As
2S
3 + 9 O
2 → 2 As
2O
3 + 6 SO
2
Most arsenic oxide is, however, obtained as a volatile by-product of the processing of other ores. For example, arsenopyrite, a common impurity in gold- and copper-containing ores, liberates arsenic trioxide upon heating in air. The processing of such minerals has led to numerous cases of poisonings.[5] Only in China are arsenic ores intentionally mined.[4]
In the laboratory, it is prepared by hydrolysis of arsenic trichloride:[6]
- 2 AsCl3 + 3 H2O → As2O3 + 6 HCl
As
2O
3 occurs naturally as two minerals, arsenolite (cubic) and claudetite (monoclinic). Both are relatively rare secondary minerals found in oxidation zones of As-rich ore deposits. Sheets of As2O3 stand for part of structures of the recently discovered minerals lucabindiite, (K,NH4)As4O6(Cl,Br),[7] and its sodium-analogue torrecillasite.[8]
2O
3 occurs naturally as two minerals, arsenolite (cubic) and claudetite (monoclinic). Both are relatively rare secondary minerals found in oxidation zones of As-rich ore deposits. Sheets of As2O3 stand for part of structures of the recently discovered minerals lucabindiite, (K,NH4)As4O6(Cl,Br),[7] and its sodium-analogue torrecillasite.[8]
Properties and reactions[edit]
Arsenic trioxide is an amphoteric oxide, and its aqueous solutions are weakly acidic. Thus, it dissolves readily in alkaline solutions to give arsenites. It is less soluble in acids, although it will dissolve in hydrochloric acid.[9]
With anhydrous HF and HCl, it gives AsF3 and the trichloride:[6]
- As2O3 + 6 HX → 2 AsX3 + 3 H2O (X = F, Cl)
Only with strong oxidizing agents such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric acid does it yield arsenic pentoxide, As
2O
5 or its corresponding acid:[6]
2O
5 or its corresponding acid:[6]
- 2 HNO3 + As2O3 + 2 H2O → 2 H3AsO4 + N2O3
In terms of its resistance to oxidation, arsenic trioxide differs from phosphorus trioxide, which readily combusts to phosphorus pentoxide.
- As2O3 + 6 Zn + 12 HNO3 → 2 AsH3 + 6 Zn(NO3)2 + 3 H2O
This reaction is used in the Marsh test.
Structure[edit]
In the liquid and gas phase below 800 °C, arsenic trioxide has the formula As
4O
6 and is isostructural with P
4O
6. Above 800 °C As
4O
6 significantly dissociates into molecular As
2O
3, which adopts the same structure as N
2O
3. Three forms (polymorphs) are known in the solid state: a high temperature ( > 110 °C) cubic As
4O
6, containing molecular As
4O
6, and two related polymeric forms.[10] The polymers, which both crystallize as monoclinic crystals, feature sheets of pyramidal AsO
3 units that share O atoms.[11]
4O
6 and is isostructural with P
4O
6. Above 800 °C As
4O
6 significantly dissociates into molecular As
2O
3, which adopts the same structure as N
2O
3. Three forms (polymorphs) are known in the solid state: a high temperature ( > 110 °C) cubic As
4O
6, containing molecular As
4O
6, and two related polymeric forms.[10] The polymers, which both crystallize as monoclinic crystals, feature sheets of pyramidal AsO
3 units that share O atoms.[11]
 |  |  |
(cubic) | (monoclinic) | (monoclinic) |
Uses[edit]
Large scale applications include its use as a precursor to forestry products, in colorless glass production, and in electronics.[4] Being the main compound of arsenic, the trioxide is the precursor to elemental arsenic, arsenic alloys, and arsenide semiconductors. Organoarsenic compounds, e.g. feed additives (Roxarsone) and pharmaceuticals (Neosalvarsan), are derived from arsenic trioxide. Bulk arsenic-based compounds sodium arsenite and sodium cacodylate are derived from the trioxide.
A variety of applications exploit arsenic's toxicity, including the use of the oxide as a wood preservative. Copper arsenates, which are derived from arsenic trioxide, are used on a large scale as a wood preservative in the US and Malaysia, but such materials are banned in many parts of the world. This practice remains controversial.[4] In combination with copper(II) acetate arsenic trioxide gives the vibrant pigment known as Paris green used in paints and as a rodenticide. This application has been discontinued.
Medical applications[edit]
Despite the well known toxicity of arsenic, arsenic trioxide has long been of biomedical interest, dating to traditional Chinese medicine, where it is known as pi-shuang (Chinese: 砒霜) and is still used to treat cancer and other conditions,[12] and to homeopathy, where it is called arsenicum album. Some discredited patent medicines, e.g., Fowler's solution, contained derivatives of arsenic oxide.[13]
In the 1970s Chinese researcher Zhang TingDong and colleagues investigated the potential use of the traditionally used Chinese medicine arsenic trioxide to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).[14] Building on his work, research both in China and the West eventually led to the development of the drug Trisenox by PolaRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc through NDA, which was approved for leukemia treatment by the US FDA in 2000 and subsequently marketed and sold by Cell Therapeutics, Inc., before being acquired by Cephalon.[15] Arsenic trioxide, under the tradename Trisenox (manufacturer: Cephalon acquired by Teva), is a chemotheraputic agent approved by the US FDA for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia that is unresponsive to "first line" agents, namely all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). It has been shown that arsenic trioxide induces cancer cells to undergo apoptosis. Due to the toxic nature of arsenic, this drug carries significant risks. Use as a cytostatic in the treatment of refractory promyelocytic (M3) subtype of acute myeloid leukemia.[16][17] The combination therapy of arsenic trioxide and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of certain leukemias.[18] University of Hong Kong developed a liquid form of arsenic trioxide that can be administered orally.[19]
Toxicology[edit]
Arsenic trioxide is readily absorbed by the digestive system: toxic effects are also well known upon inhalation or upon skin contact. Elimination is rapid at first (half-life of 1–2 days), by methylation to monomethylarsonic acid and dimethylarsonic acid, and excretion in the urine, but a certain amount (30–40% in the case of repeated exposure) is incorporated into the bones, muscles, skin, hair and nails (all tissues rich in keratin) and eliminated over a period of weeks or months.
The first symptoms of acute arsenic poisoning by ingestion are digestive problems: vomiting, abdominal pains, diarrhea often accompanied by bleeding. Sub-lethal doses can lead to convulsions, cardiovascular problems, inflammation of the liver and kidneys and abnormalities in the coagulation of the blood. These are followed by the appearance of characteristic white lines (Mees' lines) on the nails and by hair loss. Lower doses lead to liver and kidney problems and to changes in the pigmentation of the skin. Even dilute solutions of arsenic trioxide are dangerous on contact with the eyes.
Chronic arsenic poisoning is known as arsenicosis. This disorder affects workers in smelters, in populations whose drinking water contains high levels of arsenic (0.3–0.4 ppm), and in patients treated for long periods with arsenic-based pharmaceuticals. Similarly, studies on workers exposed in copper foundries in the U.S., Japan and Sweden indicate a risk of lung cancer 6–10 times higher for the most exposed workers compared with the general population. Long-term ingestion of arsenic trioxide either in drinking water or as a medical treatment can lead to skin cancer. Reproductive problems (high incidence of miscarriage, low birth weight, congenital deformations) have also been indicated in one study of women exposed to arsenic trioxide dust as employees or neighbours of a copper foundry.
In Austria, there lived the so-called "arsenic eaters of Styria", who ingested doses far beyond the lethal dose of arsenic trioxide without any apparent harm. Arsenic is thought to enable strenuous work at high altitudes, e.g. in the Alps.[23][24][25][26]
In the U.S., the OSHA 1910.1018 occupational permissible exposure limit for inorganic arsenic compounds in breathing zone air is 0.010 mg/m3.
Environmental problems[edit]
Smelting and related ore processing often generate arsenic trioxide, which poses a severe risks to the environment. For example, the Giant Mine in Canada processed substantial amounts of arsenopyrite-contaminated gold ores.
