Wednesday, 14 June 2017

U937 cell

U937 cell

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
U937 cells are a model cell line used in biomedical research.[1] They were isolated from the histiocytic lymphoma of a 37-year-old male patient [2] and are used to study the behaviour and differentiation of monocytes. U937 cells mature and differentiate in response to a number of soluble stimuli, adopting the morphology and characteristics of mature macrophages.
U937 cells are of the myeloid lineage and so secrete a large number of cytokines and chemokines either constitutively (e.g. IL-1 and GM-CSF) or in response to soluble stimuli. TNFα and recombinant GM-CSF independently promote IL-10 production in U937 cells.[3]
The HLA alleles present in U937 cells are HLA-A*03:01, A*31:01, B*18:01, B*51:01, Cw*01:02 and Cw*07:02.[4]

References[edit]

  1. Jump up^ "U937 - Cytokines and Cells Online Pathfinder Encyclopaedia".
  2. Jump up^ Sundström C (May 1976). "Establishment and characterization of a human histiocytic lymphoma cell line (U-937)". Int. J. Cancer17 (5): 565–77. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910170504PMID 178611.
  3. Jump up^ Lehmann MH (June 1998). "Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor triggers interleukin-10 expression in the monocytic cell line U937". Mol. Immunol35 (8): 479–485. doi:10.1016/S0161-5890(98)00043-1PMID 9798652.
  4. Jump up^ Gebreselassie D (November 2006). "Sampling of major histocompatibility complex class I-associated peptidome suggests relatively looser global association of HLA-B*5101 with peptides."Hum. Immunol67 (11): 894–906. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2006.08.294PMC 2269730Freely accessiblePMID 17145369.

External links[edit]

Raltitrexed kháng L1210

Raltitrexed kháng L1210

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Raltitrexed
Raltitrexed.svg
Raltitrexed ball-and-stick.png
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Routes of
administration
Intravenous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: Not available
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
ECHA InfoCard100.180.242
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC21H22N4O6S
Molar mass458.489 g/mol
3D model (Jmol)
  (verify)
Raltitrexed (Tomudex, TDX, ZD 1694) is an antimetabolite drug used in cancer chemotherapy. It is an inhibitor of thymidylate synthase, and is manufactured by AstraZeneca.[1]

Uses[edit]

Used in treatment of colorectal cancer since 1998. It may also be used in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma.[2]

Mechanism of action[edit]

Raltitrexed is chemically similar to folic acid and is in the class of chemotherapy drugs called folate antimetabolites, which inhibit one or more of three enzymes that use folate and derivatives as substrates: DHFRGARFT and thymidylate synthase. Raltitrexed is fully active after polyglutamylation, which allows cellular retention of the drug.
By inhibiting Thymidylate synthase (TS), thus formation of precursor pyrimidine nucleotides, raltitrexed prevents the formation of DNA and RNA, which are required for the growth and survival of both normal cells and cancer cells.
Inhibition of L1210 cell growth in culture IC50 = 9 nM, is one of the strongest antimetabolites in use.
Structure and phase I clinical trial of the precursor drug, CB3717, was described in 1986.[3]

Lipophilicity (Cyclam) kháng L1210

Lipophilic derivatives of cyclam as new inhibitors of tumor cell growth.

Lipophilicity (Cyclam) kháng L1210

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lipophilicity (from Greek λίπος "fat" and φίλος "friendly"), refers to the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fatsoilslipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene. These non-polar solvents are themselves lipophilic (translated as "fat-loving" or "fat-liking"[1][2])—the axiom that "like dissolves like" generally holds true. Thus lipophilic substances tend to dissolve in other lipophilic substances, while hydrophilic ("water-loving") substances tend to dissolve in water and other hydrophilic substances.
Lipophilicity, hydrophobicity, and non-polarity can describe the same tendency towards participation in the London dispersion force as the terms are often used interchangeably. However, the terms "lipophilic" and "hydrophobic" are not synonymous, as can be seen with silicones and fluorocarbons, which are hydrophobic but not lipophilic.

Chemical bonding[edit]

Lipophilic substances interact within themselves and with other substances through the London dispersion force. They have little to no capacity to form hydrogen bonds. When a molecule of a lipophilic substance is enveloped by water, surrounding water molecules enter into an "ice-like" structure the greater part of its molecular surface, the thermodynamically unfavourable event that drives oily substances out of water. Being "driven out of water" is the quality of a substance referred to as hydrophobe (water-"avoiding" or "water-fearing"). Thus lipophilic substances tend to be water-insoluble. They invariably have large o/w (octanol/water) partition coefficients.

Surfactants[edit]

Hydrocarbon-based surfactants are compounds that are amphiphilic (or amphipathic), having a hydrophilic, water interactive "end", referred to as their "head group", and a lipophilic "end", usually a long chain hydrocarbon fragment, referred to as their "tail". They congregate at low energy surfaces, including the air-water interface (lowering surface tension) and the surfaces of the water-immiscible droplets found in o/w emulsions (lowering interfacial tension). At these surfaces they naturally orient themselves with their head groups in water and their tails either sticking up and largely out of water (as at the air-water interface) or dissolved in the water-immiscible phase that the water is in contact with (e.g. as the emulsified oil droplet). In both these configurations the head groups strongly interact with water while the tails avoid all contact with water. Surfactant molecules also aggregate in water as micelles with their head groups sticking out and their tails bunched together. Micelles draw oily substances into their hydrophobic cores, explaining the basic action of soaps and detergents used for personal cleanliness and for laundering clothes. Micelles are also biologically important for the transport of fatty substances in the small intestine surface in the first step that leads to the absorption of the components of fats (largely fatty acids and 2-monoglycerides).
Cell membranes are bilayer structures principally formed from phospholipids, molecules which have a highly water interactive, ionic phosphate head groups attached to two long alkyl tails.
By contrast, fluorosurfactants are not amphiphilic or detergents because fluorocarbons are not lipophilic.
Oxybenzone, a common cosmetic ingredient often used in sunscreens, is particularly penetrative because it is not very lipophilic.[3] Anywhere from 0.4% to 8.7% of oxybenzone can be absorbed after one topical sunscreen application, as measured in urine excretions.[4]


Cyclam

Từ Wikipedia, bách khoa toàn thư miễn phí
Cyclam
Cyclam.png
Cyclam, được kết tinh lại từ chloroform và chlorobenzene hai lần
Tên
Tên IUPAC
1,4,8,11-Tetraazacyclotetradecane
Định danh
Mô hình 3D ( JSmol )
ChEBI
ChemSpider
Thẻ Thông tin ECHA100.005.491
Tính chất
10 24 4
Khối lượng phân tử200,33 g · mol -1
Độ nóng chảy185 đến 188 ° C (365 đến 370 ° F, 458 đến 461 K)
5 g / 100 mL (20 ° C)
Trừ khi có ghi chú khác, dữ liệu được cung cấp cho các vật liệu ở trạng thái tiêu chuẩn của chúng (ở 25 ° C [77 ° F], 100 kPa).
 Xác minh  ( cái gì là   ?)Vâng
Tài liệu tham khảo
Cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) là một hợp chất hữu cơ với công thức (NHCH 2 CH 2 NHCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ) 2. Đó là một chất rắn màu trắng hòa tan trong nước. Hợp chất này là đáng chú ý như một macrocyclic ligand , mà liên kết mạnh mẽ đối với nhiều kim loại chuyển tiếp cation . [1] Hợp chất này lần đầu tiên được điều chế bằng phản ứng của 1,3-dibromopropane và ethylenediamine . [2]
Hợp chất này có bốn amin hạng trung . Do đó phức tạp của nó có thể tồn tại như một số diastereomers , tùy thuộc vào hướng tương đối của các trung tâm N-H. Khu phức hợp của nó có các vòng chelate năm và sáu thành viên. Cyclenix gắn kết liên quan chặt chẽ ((CH 2 CH 2 NH) 4 ) chỉ tạo ra các vòng chelate C 2 N 2 M năm thành phần và có xu hướng không tạo thành các phức phức hợp mặt phẳng vuông.

Các đồng phân của một phức hợp cyclam phức hợp kim loại hình vuông.

Các dẫn xuất N -Alkyl sửa ]

Các phức hợp kim loại-cyclam thường bị suy giảm oxy hóa, được bắt đầu bởi sự deproton hóa amin thứ cấp. Lỗ hổng này dẫn đến sự phát triển các dẫn xuất cyclam, trong đó các trung tâm NH được thay thế bởi các amin bậc ba. Ví dụ, các dẫn xuất tetramet được điều chế dễ dàng bằng cách methyl hóa bằng formaldehyde và axit formic. [1] Những dẫn xuất oxi hóa mạnh mẽ của cyclam đã kích hoạt một số kim loại-O 2 phức . [3]